In the context of smart tourism, decisional support systems such as dashboards have become key interactive systems for Public Administrations to process and visualise Big Data in order to and translate them into operable insights for people operating in the sector. However, the design of such systems often follows data-driven logics, with limited involvement of stakeholders, partners, and target users of such systems, resulting in low operability, poor usability, and underutilization for many. This research addresses how Participatory Design methods can be strategically targeted and infrastructured to effectively enhance the design of interactive BD dashboards, particularly within complex, bureaucratic, and multi-stakeholder ecosystems like regional tourism governance. Grounded in a practice-based Research Through Design approach, the study draws on a more- than-one-year action-research collaboration with PoliS Lombardia, Regional Institute for Policy Support, regarding the collaborative development of two dashboards processing and visualising tourism big data - one using overnight stay and one mobile data source - with the involvement of a series of multi-level stakeholders. The mixed-method approach included surveys, semi-structured walkthrough interviews, collaborative prototyping sessions, participatory observation, and focus groups, engaging over 50 internal and external stakeholders across public institutions, Destination Management Organizations, and design consultancies. The thematic analysis of both design and participatory processes surfaced patterns at product, operational, and strategic levels, highlighting which stakeholders’ analytical needs and interaction design usability aspects, such as operability and situational awareness enhancement, most benefited from stakeholder input at different stages of the design process and through different activities. Beyond the dashboards' design, the research documents the emergence of enabling social, organizational, and technical infrastructures – such as the establishment of stakeholders’ contact lists or interactive platforms for prototype sharing formation or even the formation of parallel tasks forces - that supported and sustained long-term participation around the design of the dashboards’ interactive framework, while dealing with the context unpredictability. These include stakeholder networks, coordination mechanisms, and collaborative tools that helped bridge institutional groups and promote mutual learning. The study finally proposes a set of non-exclusive design briefs as research output to guide the institutionalization of participatory practices in public sector dashboard development, guiding designers and project managers in adopting such approach to future public digital innovation. It concludes that infrastructuring participation is not only key to usable systems but also to building democratic and context-informed governance cultures.
Nel contesto dello Smart Tourism, i sistemi di supporto decisionale come le dashboard sono diventati strumenti interattivi chiave per le Pubbliche Amministrazioni, al fine di elaborare e visualizzare i Big Data e tradurli in insight operativi per gli attori del settore. Tuttavia, la progettazione di tali sistemi segue spesso logiche data-driven, con un coinvolgimento limitato di stakeholder, partner e utenti finali, con conseguente bassa operatività, scarsa usabilità e sottoutilizzo. Questa ricerca indaga come i metodi tradizionali del Participatory Design possano essere orientati e infrastrutturati in modo strategico per migliorare efficacemente la progettazione di dashboard interattive basate su Big Data, in particolare all’interno di ecosistemi complessi, burocratici e multi-stakeholder come quelli della governance turistica regionale. Fondata su un approccio practice-based di Research Through Design, la ricerca si basa su una collaborazione di action research durata oltre un anno con PoliS Lombardia, Istituto Regionale per il Supporto alle Politiche, relativa allo sviluppo collaborativo di due dashboard per l’elaborazione e la visualizzazione di big data turistici - una basata sui dati delle presenze alberghiere e una su dati di telefonia mobile - con il coinvolgimento di una serie di stakeholder a diversi livelli. L’approccio metodologico misto ha incluso survey, interviste semi-strutturate con walkthrough dei prototipi, sessioni di prototipazione collaborativa, osservazione partecipante e focus group, coinvolgendo oltre 50 stakeholder interni ed esterni appartenenti a istituzioni pubbliche, Destination Management Organizations e società di consulenza nel design. L’analisi tematica dei processi di progettazione e partecipazione ha evidenziato pattern a livello di prodotto, operativo e strategico, mettendo in luce quali bisogni analitici degli stakeholder e quali aspetti di usabilità dell’interaction design - come l’operatività e il miglioramento della consapevolezza situazionale - abbiano maggiormente beneficiato del contributo degli stakeholder in diverse fasi e nelle diverse attività del processo di progettazione. Oltre alla progettazione delle dashboard, la ricerca documenta l’emergere di infrastrutture sociali, organizzative e tecniche abilitanti - come la creazione di liste di contatti degli stakeholder, piattaforme interattive per la condivisione dei prototipi o la formazione di task force parallele - che hanno sostenuto e reso sostenibile e duratura la partecipazione nel tempo attorno alla definizione del framework interattivo delle dashboard, anche in contesti imprevedibili. Tali infrastrutture comprendono reti di stakeholder, meccanismi di coordinamento e strumenti collaborativi che hanno contribuito a connettere i gruppi istituzionali e a promuovere l'apprendimento reciproco. Infine, lo studio propone un insieme di design brief - non esclusive - come output della ricerca, con l’obiettivo di guidare l’istituzionalizzazione delle pratiche partecipative nello sviluppo di dashboard nel settore pubblico, supportando designer e project manager nell’adozione di tale approccio nei futuri processi di innovazione digitale pubblica. La ricerca conclude che l’infrastrutturazione della partecipazione è fondamentale non solo per realizzare sistemi davvero usabili, ma anche per costruire culture di governance più democratiche e consapevoli del contesto in cui operano.
Infrastructuring multi-level stakeholders’ participation in dashboard design process : a two-case-studies action research in the public tourism sector
BESANA, NICOLA
2025/2026
Abstract
In the context of smart tourism, decisional support systems such as dashboards have become key interactive systems for Public Administrations to process and visualise Big Data in order to and translate them into operable insights for people operating in the sector. However, the design of such systems often follows data-driven logics, with limited involvement of stakeholders, partners, and target users of such systems, resulting in low operability, poor usability, and underutilization for many. This research addresses how Participatory Design methods can be strategically targeted and infrastructured to effectively enhance the design of interactive BD dashboards, particularly within complex, bureaucratic, and multi-stakeholder ecosystems like regional tourism governance. Grounded in a practice-based Research Through Design approach, the study draws on a more- than-one-year action-research collaboration with PoliS Lombardia, Regional Institute for Policy Support, regarding the collaborative development of two dashboards processing and visualising tourism big data - one using overnight stay and one mobile data source - with the involvement of a series of multi-level stakeholders. The mixed-method approach included surveys, semi-structured walkthrough interviews, collaborative prototyping sessions, participatory observation, and focus groups, engaging over 50 internal and external stakeholders across public institutions, Destination Management Organizations, and design consultancies. The thematic analysis of both design and participatory processes surfaced patterns at product, operational, and strategic levels, highlighting which stakeholders’ analytical needs and interaction design usability aspects, such as operability and situational awareness enhancement, most benefited from stakeholder input at different stages of the design process and through different activities. Beyond the dashboards' design, the research documents the emergence of enabling social, organizational, and technical infrastructures – such as the establishment of stakeholders’ contact lists or interactive platforms for prototype sharing formation or even the formation of parallel tasks forces - that supported and sustained long-term participation around the design of the dashboards’ interactive framework, while dealing with the context unpredictability. These include stakeholder networks, coordination mechanisms, and collaborative tools that helped bridge institutional groups and promote mutual learning. The study finally proposes a set of non-exclusive design briefs as research output to guide the institutionalization of participatory practices in public sector dashboard development, guiding designers and project managers in adopting such approach to future public digital innovation. It concludes that infrastructuring participation is not only key to usable systems but also to building democratic and context-informed governance cultures.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253837