This work investigates a fluid-structure interaction problem set in a wind tunnel, around a three-dimensional beam placed transversely to the flow. On a larger scale, this models the action of the wind on a bridge. Several cross-sectional shapes of the bridge are considered. The beam is taken as rigid and held in a prescribed position during each simulation. The flow is governed by the stationary Navier-Stokes equations for a viscous, incompressible and homogeneous fluid, with a prescribed inflow profile and no-slip conditions on the tunnel walls and on the beam surface. The analysis addresses two questions. The first concerns the stability of the flow as inflow conditions and beam cross-section vary. The transition from a stationary to an unsteady regime is detected through the convergence of the lift force: as long as the lift converges to a constant value the flow is regarded as steady, whereas the onset of sustained oscillations translates into loss of stationarity. The velocity of the inflow is measured by a parameter λ, which is proportional to the Reynolds number, and the critical value λc is recorded for each configuration. The second question concerns the equilibrium positions of the beam, defined as those vertical positions z∗ of its centre at which the lift vanishes; the stability of each one is inferred from the sign of the lift in a neighbourhood of z∗, classifying as stable those configurations for which the lift acts as a restoring force. The numerical experiments complement the theoretical results proved in [6]. For small values of λ a single equilibrium is detected at the centre of the channel, stable by symmetry. As λ increases uniqueness of the equilibrium is lost, and further positions appear which move progressively away from the centre. The influence of the cross-sectional geometry on the critical threshold is then assessed through two parametric families of elliptical sections: in the first the perimeter of each ellipse equals the circumference of a reference circle, in the second it is the cross-sectional area that is fixed to that of the same circle. The constant-perimeter sections are found to be more stable than the reference circle, and the two families are finally compared at equal aspect ratio.
Il presente lavoro studia un problema di interazione fluido-struttura in una galleria del vento, attorno a una trave tridimensionale disposta trasversalmente al flusso. Questo modello, in larga scala, rappresenta l’azione del vento su un ponte. Vengono prese in esame diverse forme della sezione del ponte. La trave è assunta rigida e mantenuta in una posizione prescritta durante ciascuna simulazione. Il flusso è governato dalle equazioni di Navier-Stokes stazionarie per un fluido viscoso, incomprimibile e omogeneo, con un profilo di velocità imposto in ingresso e condizione di aderenza sulle pareti della galleria e sulla superficie della trave. L’analisi affronta due questioni. La prima riguarda la stabilità del flusso al variare delle condizioni di inflow e della sezione della trave. La transizione da un regime stazionario a uno non stazionario è individuata attraverso la convergenza della forza di portanza: finché la portanza converge a un valore costante il flusso è ritenuto stazionario, mentre l’insorgere di oscillazioni persistenti traduce la perdita di stazionarietà. La velocità in ingresso del flusso è misurata tramite il parametro λ, proporzionale al numero di Reynolds, di cui si registra per ciascuna configurazione il valore critico λc. La seconda questione riguarda le posizioni di equilibrio della trave, definite come quelle quote z∗ del baricentro in cui la portanza si annulla; la stabilità di ciascuna è dedotta dal segno della portanza in un intorno di z∗, classificando come stabili le configurazioni in cui essa agisce come forza di richiamo. Le simulazioni numeriche completano i risultati teorici dimostrati in [6]. Per piccoli valori di λ si individua un’unica posizione di equilibrio al centro del canale, stabile per simmetria. All’aumentare di λ si perde l’unicità dell’equilibrio e compaiono ulteriori posizioni che si allontanano progressivamente dal centro. L’influenza della geometria sulla soglia critica è poi valutata attraverso due famiglie di sezioni ellittiche: nella prima il perimetro di ogni ellisse coincide con la circonferenza di un cerchio di riferimento, nella seconda ne coincide l’area. Le sezioni a perimetro costante risultano più stabili del cerchio di riferimento, e le due famiglie sono infine confrontate a parità di rapporto tra gli assi.
On the stability of a fluid-beam interaction in a wind tunnel
Di GIUSTINO, PIETRO
2025/2026
Abstract
This work investigates a fluid-structure interaction problem set in a wind tunnel, around a three-dimensional beam placed transversely to the flow. On a larger scale, this models the action of the wind on a bridge. Several cross-sectional shapes of the bridge are considered. The beam is taken as rigid and held in a prescribed position during each simulation. The flow is governed by the stationary Navier-Stokes equations for a viscous, incompressible and homogeneous fluid, with a prescribed inflow profile and no-slip conditions on the tunnel walls and on the beam surface. The analysis addresses two questions. The first concerns the stability of the flow as inflow conditions and beam cross-section vary. The transition from a stationary to an unsteady regime is detected through the convergence of the lift force: as long as the lift converges to a constant value the flow is regarded as steady, whereas the onset of sustained oscillations translates into loss of stationarity. The velocity of the inflow is measured by a parameter λ, which is proportional to the Reynolds number, and the critical value λc is recorded for each configuration. The second question concerns the equilibrium positions of the beam, defined as those vertical positions z∗ of its centre at which the lift vanishes; the stability of each one is inferred from the sign of the lift in a neighbourhood of z∗, classifying as stable those configurations for which the lift acts as a restoring force. The numerical experiments complement the theoretical results proved in [6]. For small values of λ a single equilibrium is detected at the centre of the channel, stable by symmetry. As λ increases uniqueness of the equilibrium is lost, and further positions appear which move progressively away from the centre. The influence of the cross-sectional geometry on the critical threshold is then assessed through two parametric families of elliptical sections: in the first the perimeter of each ellipse equals the circumference of a reference circle, in the second it is the cross-sectional area that is fixed to that of the same circle. The constant-perimeter sections are found to be more stable than the reference circle, and the two families are finally compared at equal aspect ratio.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260400