Colombia is a territorially fragmented country; its geography defines the socio-political characteristics and economic development of its regions and its people. It has been a tormented country during the history and lived the struggle of the exploitation of natural resources since colonial times; it's just now that has appropriate regulations and policies for its benefit. Colombia as many developing countries are constantly striving to shine in a competitive global context, through raw material, since it is not and never was an industrialized country. Minerals such as oil, coal, gold and uranium are the most representative in the Colombian subsoil and have international appeal; therefore international companies coexist with national companies in most areas suitable for exploitation. The exploitation of resources has generated a number of consequences and the absence of the state has been the catalyst for many social conflicts and displacement processes. The presence of oil companies in geographically isolated and culturally diverse areas abandoned by the state, become conflict zones, where different actors compete for ownership of land. In this context, Catatumbo is characterized as a conflict zone; where there has been a phenomenon of forced displacement of the inhabitants of the region and parallel to this has been a process of transformation of land use. I.e., interventions whether political, economic and / or military have been part of a process of displacement of the original communities causing land abandonment and subsequent re use. The absence of government institutions trained specifically to deal with local conflicts only increases and accelerates the processes of social inequality and transfer of the conflict to other areas. The dynamics of authority and domination in indigenous territories allow us to reflect on the relationship between the state and indigenous communities, where both are legal and legitimate governance actors. Throughout the decades, and even centuries, Indigenous have combined all forms of struggle for land titles to their name, extending their civil and political rights, the recognition of traditional authorities, and autonomy and self-determination for their territories. In this paper the different actors that are part of the territorial transformations taking as an example the case Alamo I in the region of Catatumbo, Norte de Santander are analyzed in order to discern the weaknesses of the system of local land use and its disconnection from governmental entities and guides, as the constitution of 1991.
La Colombia è un paese territorialmente frammentato; la sua geografia definisce le caratteristiche socio-politiche e lo sviluppo economico delle proprie regioni e della sua gente. Nel corso della storia è stato un paese tormentato ed ha vissuto la lotta dello sfruttamento delle risorse naturali sin dai tempi coloniali; è solo ora che possiede regolamenti e politiche appropriate per i propri benefici. La Colombia, come molti paesi in via di sviluppo, sta costantemente cercando di eccellere in un contesto globale competitivo, attraverso la materia prima, dal momento che non è e non è mai stato un paese industrializzato. Minerali come petrolio, carbone, oro e uranio sono le più rappresentative nel sottosuolo colombiano ed hanno un appeal internazionale; aziende internazionali coesistono quindi con società nazionali nella maggior parte delle aree adatte allo sfruttamento. Lo sfruttamento delle risorse ha generato una serie di conseguenze e l'assenza dello Stato è stato il catalizzatore per molti conflitti sociali e processi di dislocamento. La presenza di compagnie petrolifere in zone geograficamente isolate e culturalmente diverse nonché abbandonate dallo Stato, diventano zone di conflitto, in cui diversi attori competono per la proprietà della terra. In questo contesto, Catatumbo si caratterizza come una zona di conflitto in cui vi è stato un fenomeno di trasferimento forzato degli abitanti della regione e parallelamente a questo vi è stato un processo di modifica dell’uso del suolo. Ad esempio, interventi sia politici che economici e/o militari sono stati parte di un processo di trasferimento delle comunità originarie che ha causato l'abbandono dei terreni ed il successivo riutilizzo. L'assenza di istituzioni governative appositamente qualificate per affrontare i conflitti locali ha soltanto aumentato i conflitti ed accelerato i processi di disuguaglianza sociale ed il trasferimento del conflitto in altre aree. Le dinamiche di autorità e dominazione dei territori indigeni ci permettono di riflettere sul rapporto tra Stato e comunità in cui entrambi sono attori di governance legali e legittimati. Nel corso dei decenni e anche secoli, gli indiani hanno unito tutte le forme di lotta per titoli di proprietà a loro nome, estendendo i propri diritti civili e politici, il riconoscimento delle autorità tradizionali, e l'autonomia e l'autodeterminazione per i loro territori. In questa tesi vengono analizzati i diversi attori che fanno parte delle trasformazioni territoriali prendendo come esempio il caso Alamo I della regione di Catatumbo, Norte de Santander al fine di discernere i punti di debolezza del sistema locale di uso del suolo e la sua disconnessione da enti governativi e guide, come la costituzione del 1991.
Oil companies, underserved communities and armed conflict. An analysis of the conflict over land rights between communities, government and illegal armed forces in Catatumbo, Norte de Santander, Colombia
GARCIA MARTINEZ, STEPHANIE PAOLA
2013/2014
Abstract
Colombia is a territorially fragmented country; its geography defines the socio-political characteristics and economic development of its regions and its people. It has been a tormented country during the history and lived the struggle of the exploitation of natural resources since colonial times; it's just now that has appropriate regulations and policies for its benefit. Colombia as many developing countries are constantly striving to shine in a competitive global context, through raw material, since it is not and never was an industrialized country. Minerals such as oil, coal, gold and uranium are the most representative in the Colombian subsoil and have international appeal; therefore international companies coexist with national companies in most areas suitable for exploitation. The exploitation of resources has generated a number of consequences and the absence of the state has been the catalyst for many social conflicts and displacement processes. The presence of oil companies in geographically isolated and culturally diverse areas abandoned by the state, become conflict zones, where different actors compete for ownership of land. In this context, Catatumbo is characterized as a conflict zone; where there has been a phenomenon of forced displacement of the inhabitants of the region and parallel to this has been a process of transformation of land use. I.e., interventions whether political, economic and / or military have been part of a process of displacement of the original communities causing land abandonment and subsequent re use. The absence of government institutions trained specifically to deal with local conflicts only increases and accelerates the processes of social inequality and transfer of the conflict to other areas. The dynamics of authority and domination in indigenous territories allow us to reflect on the relationship between the state and indigenous communities, where both are legal and legitimate governance actors. Throughout the decades, and even centuries, Indigenous have combined all forms of struggle for land titles to their name, extending their civil and political rights, the recognition of traditional authorities, and autonomy and self-determination for their territories. In this paper the different actors that are part of the territorial transformations taking as an example the case Alamo I in the region of Catatumbo, Norte de Santander are analyzed in order to discern the weaknesses of the system of local land use and its disconnection from governmental entities and guides, as the constitution of 1991.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/97581