The high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into the electric grid in medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) electric networks requires further reconsideration about developing local markets at this grid level. Unlike the transmission high voltage (HV) grids, the energy transaction in the distribution network (DN) is highly affected by the active losses due to the high ratio of R/X. Therefore, distribution locational marginal prices (DLMPs) should be calculated with further accuracy by considering the three-phase unbalanced nature of DN. To this end, in this work, a linearized approximation of AC-OPF is used to obtain the DLMPs in terms of energy price at the grid supply point (GSP), total active and reactive losses, voltage support, and congestion in the feeders. In due course, the distribution system operator (DSO) ancillary services (AS) market is formulated using the linearized AC-OPF to clear the market by motivating the flexible DERs, including flexible loads (FL) and flexible generators (FG), to curtail or re-dispatch, respectively, to keep the DN operating optimally. Moreover, the grid usage price (GUP), which is the derivative of DLMP, is calculated to enable bilateral contract energy trade. A fully decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) market framework is adopted to model the bilateral energy transaction using distributed optimization (DO) approach, the augmented direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The essential novelty of this work is to employ the Stackelberg game-theoretic (bi-level programming) approach for modelling the strategic behaviour of the DERs that can lead to gird constraint violation and consequent higher DLMPs. Accordingly, at the upper-level of the FG submits strategic offers and maximizes its revenue by manipulating the DLMP in its favour. By contrast, the DSO AS market in the lower-level problem clears the market, maximizing the social welfare by incorporating the costs for the FGs, and utility for the FLs. In addition, the optimal and safe operation of the DN is considered in the lower-level problem.
L'elevata penetrazione delle risorse energetiche distribuite (DERS) nella rete elettrica in reti elettriche di media tensione (MV) e bassa tensione (LV) richiede un'ulteriore riconsiderazione sullo sviluppo di mercati locali a questo livello di rete. A differenza delle griglie ad alta tensione (HV) di trasmissione, la transazione energetica nella rete di distribuzione (DN) è fortemente influenzata dalle perdite attive a causa dell'elevato rapporto di R/X. Pertanto, i prezzi marginali localizzati di distribuzione (DLMP) devono essere calcolati con ulteriore precisione considerando la natura sbilanciata trifase di DN. A tal fine, in questo lavoro, un'approssimazione linearizzata di AC-OPF viene utilizzata per ottenere i DLMP in termini di prezzo di energia nel punto di approvvigionamento della rete (GSP), perdite totali attive e reattive, supporto di tensione e congestione negli alimentatori. A tempo debito, il mercato dei servizi ausiliari (AS) del sistema di distribuzione (AS) viene formulato utilizzando l'AC-OPF linearizzato per cancellare il mercato motivando i DER flessibili, inclusi carichi flessibili (FL) e generatori flessibili (FG) o ri-dispatch, rispettivamente, per mantenere il DN funzionante in modo ottimale. Inoltre, il prezzo di utilizzo della griglia (GUP), che è il derivato di DLMP, è calcolato per consentire il commercio di energia contrattuale bilaterale. Viene adottato un framework di mercato peer-to-peer (P2P) completamente decentralizzato per modellare l'approccio di Ottimizzazione Distribuite (DO) di Ottimizzazione distribuita, il metodo della direzione aumentata dei moltiplicatori (ADMM). La novità essenziale di questo lavoro è quella di utilizzare l'approccio teorico-teorico (programmazione a due livelli) di Stackelberg per modellare il comportamento strategico dei DER che possono portare a violazioni dei vincoli GIRD e conseguenti DLMP più elevati. Di conseguenza, al livello superiore della FG presenta offerte strategiche e massimizza le sue entrate manipolando il DLMP a suo favore. Al contrario, il DSO come mercato nel problema di livello inferiore cancella il mercato, massimizzando il benessere sociale incorporando i costi per l'FGS e l'utilità per il FLS. Inoltre, il funzionamento ottimale e sicuro del DN è considerato nel problema di livello inferiore.
Strategic Behaviour Study of Flexible Generator in Hybrid DSO and P2P Markets - A Three-Phase Unbalanced Distribution Network Case
Kazemi, Milad
2021/2022
Abstract
The high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into the electric grid in medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) electric networks requires further reconsideration about developing local markets at this grid level. Unlike the transmission high voltage (HV) grids, the energy transaction in the distribution network (DN) is highly affected by the active losses due to the high ratio of R/X. Therefore, distribution locational marginal prices (DLMPs) should be calculated with further accuracy by considering the three-phase unbalanced nature of DN. To this end, in this work, a linearized approximation of AC-OPF is used to obtain the DLMPs in terms of energy price at the grid supply point (GSP), total active and reactive losses, voltage support, and congestion in the feeders. In due course, the distribution system operator (DSO) ancillary services (AS) market is formulated using the linearized AC-OPF to clear the market by motivating the flexible DERs, including flexible loads (FL) and flexible generators (FG), to curtail or re-dispatch, respectively, to keep the DN operating optimally. Moreover, the grid usage price (GUP), which is the derivative of DLMP, is calculated to enable bilateral contract energy trade. A fully decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) market framework is adopted to model the bilateral energy transaction using distributed optimization (DO) approach, the augmented direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The essential novelty of this work is to employ the Stackelberg game-theoretic (bi-level programming) approach for modelling the strategic behaviour of the DERs that can lead to gird constraint violation and consequent higher DLMPs. Accordingly, at the upper-level of the FG submits strategic offers and maximizes its revenue by manipulating the DLMP in its favour. By contrast, the DSO AS market in the lower-level problem clears the market, maximizing the social welfare by incorporating the costs for the FGs, and utility for the FLs. In addition, the optimal and safe operation of the DN is considered in the lower-level problem.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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MSc Executive Summary Milad Kazemi.pdf
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Master Thesis Strategic DSO and P2P Market Milad Kazemi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/190209